Monday, June 21, 2010
NPUAP
Pressure Ulcer Stages Revised by NPUAP
February 2007 - The National Pressure Ulcer Advisory Panel has redefined the definition of a pressure ulcer and the stages of pressure ulcers, including the original 4 stages and adding 2 stages on deep tissue injury and unstageable pressure ulcers. This work is the culmination of over 5 years of work beginning with the identification of deep tissue injury in 2001.
The staging system was defined by Shea in 1975 and provides a name to the amount of anatomical tissue loss. The original definitions were confusing to many clinicians and lead to inaccurate staging of ulcers associated or due to perineal dermatitis and those due to deep tissue injury.
The proposed definitions were refined by the NPUAP with input from an on-line evaluation of their face validity, accuracy clarity, succinctness, utility, and discrimination. This process was completed online and provided input to the Panel for continued work. The proposed final definitions were reviewed by a consensus conference and their comments were used to create the final definitions. "NPUAP is pleased to have completed this important task and look forward to the inclusion of these definitions into practice, education and research", said Joyce Black, NPUAP President and Chairperson of the Staging Task Force.
Pressure Ulcer Definition:
A pressure ulcer is localized injury to the skin and/or underlying tissue usually over a bony prominence, as a result of pressure, or pressure in combination with shear and/or friction. A number of contributing or confounding factors are also associated with pressure ulcers; the significance of these factors is yet to be elucidated.
For more information, contact npuap.org or 202-521-6789
Copyright: NPUAP 2007
February 2007 - The National Pressure Ulcer Advisory Panel has redefined the definition of a pressure ulcer and the stages of pressure ulcers, including the original 4 stages and adding 2 stages on deep tissue injury and unstageable pressure ulcers. This work is the culmination of over 5 years of work beginning with the identification of deep tissue injury in 2001.
The staging system was defined by Shea in 1975 and provides a name to the amount of anatomical tissue loss. The original definitions were confusing to many clinicians and lead to inaccurate staging of ulcers associated or due to perineal dermatitis and those due to deep tissue injury.
The proposed definitions were refined by the NPUAP with input from an on-line evaluation of their face validity, accuracy clarity, succinctness, utility, and discrimination. This process was completed online and provided input to the Panel for continued work. The proposed final definitions were reviewed by a consensus conference and their comments were used to create the final definitions. "NPUAP is pleased to have completed this important task and look forward to the inclusion of these definitions into practice, education and research", said Joyce Black, NPUAP President and Chairperson of the Staging Task Force.
Pressure Ulcer Definition:
A pressure ulcer is localized injury to the skin and/or underlying tissue usually over a bony prominence, as a result of pressure, or pressure in combination with shear and/or friction. A number of contributing or confounding factors are also associated with pressure ulcers; the significance of these factors is yet to be elucidated.
For more information, contact npuap.org or 202-521-6789
Copyright: NPUAP 2007
Sunday, June 20, 2010
Types Of Research Report
Types Of Research Report
Types of research reports are these and dissertations, books, conference presentations, and journal articles.
A. Presentations at Professional Conferences:
1. Oral presentations follow a format similar to that used in journal articles. The presenter is typically allotted 10 to 20 minutes to describe key features of the study.
2. In poster sessions, many researchers simultaneously present visual displays summarizing their studies, and conference attendees circulate around the room perusing these display.
Conference presentations are important avenue for communicating research research information.
B. Research Journal Article
Research published by professional journals. Journal received a report of research on competitive terms. Research that meets the criteria according to the reviewer will be received and the research that does not comply with criteria of the reviewers will be rejected. Reviewers can provide recommendations to researchers, whether the research was accepted or rejected or revised by suggesting to the researchers. This is usually "blind" review, reviewers are not told the name of the researcher, and authors are not told the name of the reviews.
Types of research reports are these and dissertations, books, conference presentations, and journal articles.
A. Presentations at Professional Conferences:
1. Oral presentations follow a format similar to that used in journal articles. The presenter is typically allotted 10 to 20 minutes to describe key features of the study.
2. In poster sessions, many researchers simultaneously present visual displays summarizing their studies, and conference attendees circulate around the room perusing these display.
Conference presentations are important avenue for communicating research research information.
B. Research Journal Article
Research published by professional journals. Journal received a report of research on competitive terms. Research that meets the criteria according to the reviewer will be received and the research that does not comply with criteria of the reviewers will be rejected. Reviewers can provide recommendations to researchers, whether the research was accepted or rejected or revised by suggesting to the researchers. This is usually "blind" review, reviewers are not told the name of the researcher, and authors are not told the name of the reviews.
Factors Wound Healing
FACTORS AFFECTING WOUND HEALING
1. Tissue perfusion and oxygenation
2. Nutritional status
3. Infection
4. Systemic states affecting wound healing
5. Corticosteroid administration
6. Immunosuppression
7. Aging
8. Systemic factors
9. Topical Therapy
1. Tissue perfusion and oxygenation
Oxygen is essential for the repair process in damaged cells in the body.
Sufficient amount of oxygen in the body can accelerate the healing process.
If there Hypoxia can lead to healing the wounds become longer, because:
Impaired Collagen Synthesis,
Decreased epithelial proliferation and migration,
Reduced tissue resistance to infection.
2. Nutritional status
Nutritional status is very important for the body. Nutrient content is needed by
the body to repair damage to cells and infection prevention.
Nutritional status is very helpful, such as wound healing process:
Adequat Protein.
Calories.
Vitamin C.
Vitamin A.
B Complex vitamins
Iron.
Copper.
Zinc.
3. Infection
The process of infection can cause wound healing becomes long, as happened a long
period of inflammation and cell damage on the necessary treatment for the
infection.
To determine the existence of bacteria in the infection process of examination
and examination of the wound tissue culture or culture techniques.
Wound Culture and Sensitivity:
Sign of local infection.
Sign of systemic infection.
Bone involvement.
Non healing wound.
If Accurate culture;
obtain appropriate cultures.
Use correct technique to minimize risk of contamination.
4. Diabetes Mellitus
Reduced collagen synthesis.
Impaired wound contraction
Delayed epidermal migration.
5. Corticosteroid Administration
Inhibit Epithelial proliferation
Anti inflammatory effects.
6. Immunosuppression
Disease processes and treatments that suppress the immune system can cause delay
wound healing process.
7. Aging
Aging process changes on the skin and the skin layer. The skin can be damaged and
less ability the healing process.
8. Systemic factors
Renal and Hepatic disease.
Malignancy and Sepsis.
Hemapoetic abnormal.
9. Topical Therapy
Topical treatment is helpful in the process of wound healing.
1. Tissue perfusion and oxygenation
2. Nutritional status
3. Infection
4. Systemic states affecting wound healing
5. Corticosteroid administration
6. Immunosuppression
7. Aging
8. Systemic factors
9. Topical Therapy
1. Tissue perfusion and oxygenation
Oxygen is essential for the repair process in damaged cells in the body.
Sufficient amount of oxygen in the body can accelerate the healing process.
If there Hypoxia can lead to healing the wounds become longer, because:
Impaired Collagen Synthesis,
Decreased epithelial proliferation and migration,
Reduced tissue resistance to infection.
2. Nutritional status
Nutritional status is very important for the body. Nutrient content is needed by
the body to repair damage to cells and infection prevention.
Nutritional status is very helpful, such as wound healing process:
Adequat Protein.
Calories.
Vitamin C.
Vitamin A.
B Complex vitamins
Iron.
Copper.
Zinc.
3. Infection
The process of infection can cause wound healing becomes long, as happened a long
period of inflammation and cell damage on the necessary treatment for the
infection.
To determine the existence of bacteria in the infection process of examination
and examination of the wound tissue culture or culture techniques.
Wound Culture and Sensitivity:
Sign of local infection.
Sign of systemic infection.
Bone involvement.
Non healing wound.
If Accurate culture;
obtain appropriate cultures.
Use correct technique to minimize risk of contamination.
4. Diabetes Mellitus
Reduced collagen synthesis.
Impaired wound contraction
Delayed epidermal migration.
5. Corticosteroid Administration
Inhibit Epithelial proliferation
Anti inflammatory effects.
6. Immunosuppression
Disease processes and treatments that suppress the immune system can cause delay
wound healing process.
7. Aging
Aging process changes on the skin and the skin layer. The skin can be damaged and
less ability the healing process.
8. Systemic factors
Renal and Hepatic disease.
Malignancy and Sepsis.
Hemapoetic abnormal.
9. Topical Therapy
Topical treatment is helpful in the process of wound healing.
Table Concept Risk Pressure Ulcer Development
Braden and Bergstrom (2000), developed a conceptual scheme pressure ulcer development. The conceptualization suggests that there are two major factors associated with pressure ulcer risk; the amount and duration of exposure to pressure and the ability of the tissue tolerate the pressure. In the clinical situation, pressure ulcer influenced by mobility, activity and sensory perception. Tissue tolerance may be influenced by intrinsic and extrinsic factors.
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