FACTORS AFFECTING WOUND HEALING
1. Tissue perfusion and oxygenation
2. Nutritional status
3. Infection
4. Systemic states affecting wound healing
5. Corticosteroid administration
6. Immunosuppression
7. Aging
8. Systemic factors
9. Topical Therapy
1. Tissue perfusion and oxygenation
Oxygen is essential for the repair process in damaged cells in the body.
Sufficient amount of oxygen in the body can accelerate the healing process.
If there Hypoxia can lead to healing the wounds become longer, because:
Impaired Collagen Synthesis,
Decreased epithelial proliferation and migration,
Reduced tissue resistance to infection.
2. Nutritional status
Nutritional status is very important for the body. Nutrient content is needed by
the body to repair damage to cells and infection prevention.
Nutritional status is very helpful, such as wound healing process:
Adequat Protein.
Calories.
Vitamin C.
Vitamin A.
B Complex vitamins
Iron.
Copper.
Zinc.
3. Infection
The process of infection can cause wound healing becomes long, as happened a long
period of inflammation and cell damage on the necessary treatment for the
infection.
To determine the existence of bacteria in the infection process of examination
and examination of the wound tissue culture or culture techniques.
Wound Culture and Sensitivity:
Sign of local infection.
Sign of systemic infection.
Bone involvement.
Non healing wound.
If Accurate culture;
obtain appropriate cultures.
Use correct technique to minimize risk of contamination.
4. Diabetes Mellitus
Reduced collagen synthesis.
Impaired wound contraction
Delayed epidermal migration.
5. Corticosteroid Administration
Inhibit Epithelial proliferation
Anti inflammatory effects.
6. Immunosuppression
Disease processes and treatments that suppress the immune system can cause delay
wound healing process.
7. Aging
Aging process changes on the skin and the skin layer. The skin can be damaged and
less ability the healing process.
8. Systemic factors
Renal and Hepatic disease.
Malignancy and Sepsis.
Hemapoetic abnormal.
9. Topical Therapy
Topical treatment is helpful in the process of wound healing.
Sunday, June 20, 2010
Table Concept Risk Pressure Ulcer Development
Braden and Bergstrom (2000), developed a conceptual scheme pressure ulcer development. The conceptualization suggests that there are two major factors associated with pressure ulcer risk; the amount and duration of exposure to pressure and the ability of the tissue tolerate the pressure. In the clinical situation, pressure ulcer influenced by mobility, activity and sensory perception. Tissue tolerance may be influenced by intrinsic and extrinsic factors.
Saturday, June 19, 2010
Nursing Research
The Building Blocks of Research:
1.The faces and places of Research: When researchers address a problem or answer a question throught disciplined research-regadless of the underlying paradigm-they are doing a study (or an investigastion or research project). Studies with humans involve two sets of people: 1) those who do the research, 2) those who provide the information.
2.The people who provide information to researchers (investigators) in a study are reffered to as subjects, study participants or respondents in quantitative research or study participants or informants in qualitative research; collectively they comprise the sample.
3.Research can be undertaken in a variety of Settings (the specific places where informations is gathered) and in one or more site. Some studies take places in Naturalistic Settings in the field; at the other extreme, some studies are done in highly controlled laboratory settings. The site is overall location for research; researchers sometimes engage and multisite studies. Setting are the more specific places where data collection will occur. Setting for nursing research can range from totally naturalistic environments to formal laboratories.
Phenomena, Concepts and Contructs:
4.Researchers investigate concepts and phenomena (or constructs), which are abstraction or mental representations inferred from behavior or characteristics. For example, the terms pain, spiritual, and resilience are all abstractions of particular aspects of human behavior and characteristic.
5.Research may also use the term contruct. As with a concept, a construct refers to an abstraction or mental representation inferred form situations or behaviors.
Theories and Conceptual Models:
6.Concepts are the building block of theories, which are systemic explenations of some aspect of the real world. In Quantitaive study, researchers often start with a theory or a conceptual model and using deductitive reasoning, make predictions about how phenomena behave in real world if theory were true.
Variables:
7.In Quantitatives studies, concepts are called variables. A variable is a characteristic or quality that takes on different values (i.e., varies from one person or object to another). The dependent (or outcome) variable is the behavior, characteristic, or outcome the researcher is interested in understanding, explaining, predicting, or affecting. The independent variable is the presumed cause of, antecedent to, or influence on the dependent variable. The dependent (or outcome) variable is the behavior, characteristic, or outcome the researcher is interested in understanding, explaining, predicting, or affecting. The independent variable is the presumed cause of, antecedent to, or influence on the dependent variable.
Conceptual and Operational Definitions:
8.Two Types of definition are relevantin a study conceptual and operational. A Conceptual definition describes the abstract or theoretical meaning of the concepts being studied. An Operational definition specifies the procedures required to measure a variable. A Conceptual definition describes the abstract or theoretical meaning of the concepts being studied. An Operational definition specifies the procedures required to measure a variable.
Data:
9.Data- the informant collected during the course of a study – may take the form of narrative information (qualitative data) or numeric value (quantitative data).
Relationships:
10.A Relationship is bond or connection (a pattern of association) between two variable. Quantitative researchers examine the relationships between the independent variables and dependent variables. When the independent variable causes or effects the dependent variable, the relationshios is a cause and effect (Causal) relationship. In a functional or associative relationship, variable are related in noncausal way.
Reference: Denise F. Polit., et.al. (2010). Essentials of Nursing Research, seventh edition, Wolters Kluwer, Lippincott Williams & Wilkins.
1.The faces and places of Research: When researchers address a problem or answer a question throught disciplined research-regadless of the underlying paradigm-they are doing a study (or an investigastion or research project). Studies with humans involve two sets of people: 1) those who do the research, 2) those who provide the information.
2.The people who provide information to researchers (investigators) in a study are reffered to as subjects, study participants or respondents in quantitative research or study participants or informants in qualitative research; collectively they comprise the sample.
3.Research can be undertaken in a variety of Settings (the specific places where informations is gathered) and in one or more site. Some studies take places in Naturalistic Settings in the field; at the other extreme, some studies are done in highly controlled laboratory settings. The site is overall location for research; researchers sometimes engage and multisite studies. Setting are the more specific places where data collection will occur. Setting for nursing research can range from totally naturalistic environments to formal laboratories.
Phenomena, Concepts and Contructs:
4.Researchers investigate concepts and phenomena (or constructs), which are abstraction or mental representations inferred from behavior or characteristics. For example, the terms pain, spiritual, and resilience are all abstractions of particular aspects of human behavior and characteristic.
5.Research may also use the term contruct. As with a concept, a construct refers to an abstraction or mental representation inferred form situations or behaviors.
Theories and Conceptual Models:
6.Concepts are the building block of theories, which are systemic explenations of some aspect of the real world. In Quantitaive study, researchers often start with a theory or a conceptual model and using deductitive reasoning, make predictions about how phenomena behave in real world if theory were true.
Variables:
7.In Quantitatives studies, concepts are called variables. A variable is a characteristic or quality that takes on different values (i.e., varies from one person or object to another). The dependent (or outcome) variable is the behavior, characteristic, or outcome the researcher is interested in understanding, explaining, predicting, or affecting. The independent variable is the presumed cause of, antecedent to, or influence on the dependent variable. The dependent (or outcome) variable is the behavior, characteristic, or outcome the researcher is interested in understanding, explaining, predicting, or affecting. The independent variable is the presumed cause of, antecedent to, or influence on the dependent variable.
Conceptual and Operational Definitions:
8.Two Types of definition are relevantin a study conceptual and operational. A Conceptual definition describes the abstract or theoretical meaning of the concepts being studied. An Operational definition specifies the procedures required to measure a variable. A Conceptual definition describes the abstract or theoretical meaning of the concepts being studied. An Operational definition specifies the procedures required to measure a variable.
Data:
9.Data- the informant collected during the course of a study – may take the form of narrative information (qualitative data) or numeric value (quantitative data).
Relationships:
10.A Relationship is bond or connection (a pattern of association) between two variable. Quantitative researchers examine the relationships between the independent variables and dependent variables. When the independent variable causes or effects the dependent variable, the relationshios is a cause and effect (Causal) relationship. In a functional or associative relationship, variable are related in noncausal way.
Reference: Denise F. Polit., et.al. (2010). Essentials of Nursing Research, seventh edition, Wolters Kluwer, Lippincott Williams & Wilkins.
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