Nursing Research Chapter 3
The Building Blocks of Research:
1. The faces and places of Research: When researchers address a problem or answer a question through disciplined research-regardless of the underlying paradigm-they are doing a study (or an investigation or research project). Studies with humans involve two sets of people: 1) those that do the research, 2) those who provide the information.
2. The people who provide information to researchers (investigators) in a study are referred to as subjects, study participants or respondents in quantitative research or study participants or informants in qualitative research; collectively they comprise the sample. Read more
Thursday, July 8, 2010
Nursing Research
Types Of Research Report
Types of research reports are these and dissertations, books, conference presentations, and journal articles.
A. Presentations at Professional Conferences:
1. Oral presentations follow a format similar to that used in journal articles. The presenter is typically allotted 10 to 20 minutes to describe key features of the study.
2. In poster sessions, many researchers simultaneously present visual displays summarizing their studies, and conference attendees circulate around the room perusing these display.
Conference presentations are important avenue for communicating research research information.
Read more
Types of research reports are these and dissertations, books, conference presentations, and journal articles.
A. Presentations at Professional Conferences:
1. Oral presentations follow a format similar to that used in journal articles. The presenter is typically allotted 10 to 20 minutes to describe key features of the study.
2. In poster sessions, many researchers simultaneously present visual displays summarizing their studies, and conference attendees circulate around the room perusing these display.
Conference presentations are important avenue for communicating research research information.
Read more
Nursing Research Ethic
Ethic and Research
Ethical concepts are especially prominent in nursing research because the line of demarcation between what constitutes the expected practice of nursing and the collection of research data can sometimes get blurred. Furthermore, ethics can create particular challenges because ethical requirements sometimes conflict with the need to produce high-quality evidence for practice. Read more
Ethical concepts are especially prominent in nursing research because the line of demarcation between what constitutes the expected practice of nursing and the collection of research data can sometimes get blurred. Furthermore, ethics can create particular challenges because ethical requirements sometimes conflict with the need to produce high-quality evidence for practice. Read more
Monday, July 5, 2010
Research Problem
Research Problems and Paradigms: Researchers usually identify a broad topic, narrow the scope of the problem, and then identify questions consistent with a paradigm of choice. Quantitative studies usually involve concepts that are fairly well developed, about which there is an existing body of literature, and for which reliable methods of measurement have been (or can be) developed. Read more
Purpose of Research
Purpose of Research Literature Reviews: Literature reviews can inspire new research ideas, and help to lay the foundation for studies. A literature review is a crucial early task for most quantitative researchers. Researchers usually summarize relevant literature in the introduction to their reports, regardless of when they perform the literature research. Read more
Thursday, June 24, 2010
Key Research
Understanding Key Research Challenges
Researchers face numerous conceptual, ethical, and methodology challenges that must be considered in critiquing a study. The manner in which methodology challenges are met effects the interferences that can be made.
• Inference:
An Inference is a conclusion draw from the study evidence based on the methods used to generate that evidence. Inference is he attempt to come to conclusions based on limited information. Researchers want their inferences to correspond to the truth.
• Reliability:
Reliability (a key challenge in quantitative research) refers to the accuracy and consistency of information obtained in a study. Validity is a more complex concept that broadly concerns the soundness of the study’s evidence-that is, whether the findings are cogent, convincing, and well grounded.
• Trustworthiness:
Trustworthiness in qualitative research encompasses several different dimensions, including credibility, depend ability, confirm ability, transferability, and authenticity.
• Credibility:
Credibility is achieved to the extent that the qualitative methods engender confidence in the truth of the data and in the researcher’s interpretations of the data. Triangulation, the use of multiple sources of referents to draw conclusions about what constitutes the truth, is one approach to establishing credibility.
• Bias:
A bias is an influence that produces a distortion in the study research. Systemic bias results when a bias is consistent across participants or situations.
• Research control:
In quantitative studies, research control is used to hold constant outside influences on the dependent variable so that the relationships between the independent and dependent variables can be better understood.
Researchers seek to control confounding (or extraneous) variables-variables that are extraneous to the purpose of specific study.
• Randomness:
For quantitative researchers, randomness-having certain features of the study established by chance rather than by design or personal preference-is a powerful tool to eliminate bias.
• Masking:
Masking (or blinding) is sometimes is used to avoid biases stemming from participants or research agents awareness of study hypotheses or research status. Single-blind studies involve making for one group (e.g. participants) and double-blind studies involve masking two groups.
• Reflexivity:
Reflexivity, the process of reflecting critically on the self and of scrutinizing personal values that could affect data collection and interpretation, is an important tool in qualitative research.
• Generalizability:
Generalizability in a quantitative study concerns the extent to which the findings can be applied to other groups and settings. A similar concept in qualitative studies is transferability, the extent to which qualitative findings can be transferred to other settings. One mechanism for promoting transferability is thick description, the rich and thorough description of the research setting or context so that others can mke inferences about contextual similarities.
Researchers face numerous conceptual, ethical, and methodology challenges that must be considered in critiquing a study. The manner in which methodology challenges are met effects the interferences that can be made.
• Inference:
An Inference is a conclusion draw from the study evidence based on the methods used to generate that evidence. Inference is he attempt to come to conclusions based on limited information. Researchers want their inferences to correspond to the truth.
• Reliability:
Reliability (a key challenge in quantitative research) refers to the accuracy and consistency of information obtained in a study. Validity is a more complex concept that broadly concerns the soundness of the study’s evidence-that is, whether the findings are cogent, convincing, and well grounded.
• Trustworthiness:
Trustworthiness in qualitative research encompasses several different dimensions, including credibility, depend ability, confirm ability, transferability, and authenticity.
• Credibility:
Credibility is achieved to the extent that the qualitative methods engender confidence in the truth of the data and in the researcher’s interpretations of the data. Triangulation, the use of multiple sources of referents to draw conclusions about what constitutes the truth, is one approach to establishing credibility.
• Bias:
A bias is an influence that produces a distortion in the study research. Systemic bias results when a bias is consistent across participants or situations.
• Research control:
In quantitative studies, research control is used to hold constant outside influences on the dependent variable so that the relationships between the independent and dependent variables can be better understood.
Researchers seek to control confounding (or extraneous) variables-variables that are extraneous to the purpose of specific study.
• Randomness:
For quantitative researchers, randomness-having certain features of the study established by chance rather than by design or personal preference-is a powerful tool to eliminate bias.
• Masking:
Masking (or blinding) is sometimes is used to avoid biases stemming from participants or research agents awareness of study hypotheses or research status. Single-blind studies involve making for one group (e.g. participants) and double-blind studies involve masking two groups.
• Reflexivity:
Reflexivity, the process of reflecting critically on the self and of scrutinizing personal values that could affect data collection and interpretation, is an important tool in qualitative research.
• Generalizability:
Generalizability in a quantitative study concerns the extent to which the findings can be applied to other groups and settings. A similar concept in qualitative studies is transferability, the extent to which qualitative findings can be transferred to other settings. One mechanism for promoting transferability is thick description, the rich and thorough description of the research setting or context so that others can mke inferences about contextual similarities.
Monday, June 21, 2010
NPUAP
Pressure Ulcer Stages Revised by NPUAP
February 2007 - The National Pressure Ulcer Advisory Panel has redefined the definition of a pressure ulcer and the stages of pressure ulcers, including the original 4 stages and adding 2 stages on deep tissue injury and unstageable pressure ulcers. This work is the culmination of over 5 years of work beginning with the identification of deep tissue injury in 2001.
The staging system was defined by Shea in 1975 and provides a name to the amount of anatomical tissue loss. The original definitions were confusing to many clinicians and lead to inaccurate staging of ulcers associated or due to perineal dermatitis and those due to deep tissue injury.
The proposed definitions were refined by the NPUAP with input from an on-line evaluation of their face validity, accuracy clarity, succinctness, utility, and discrimination. This process was completed online and provided input to the Panel for continued work. The proposed final definitions were reviewed by a consensus conference and their comments were used to create the final definitions. "NPUAP is pleased to have completed this important task and look forward to the inclusion of these definitions into practice, education and research", said Joyce Black, NPUAP President and Chairperson of the Staging Task Force.
Pressure Ulcer Definition:
A pressure ulcer is localized injury to the skin and/or underlying tissue usually over a bony prominence, as a result of pressure, or pressure in combination with shear and/or friction. A number of contributing or confounding factors are also associated with pressure ulcers; the significance of these factors is yet to be elucidated.
For more information, contact npuap.org or 202-521-6789
Copyright: NPUAP 2007
February 2007 - The National Pressure Ulcer Advisory Panel has redefined the definition of a pressure ulcer and the stages of pressure ulcers, including the original 4 stages and adding 2 stages on deep tissue injury and unstageable pressure ulcers. This work is the culmination of over 5 years of work beginning with the identification of deep tissue injury in 2001.
The staging system was defined by Shea in 1975 and provides a name to the amount of anatomical tissue loss. The original definitions were confusing to many clinicians and lead to inaccurate staging of ulcers associated or due to perineal dermatitis and those due to deep tissue injury.
The proposed definitions were refined by the NPUAP with input from an on-line evaluation of their face validity, accuracy clarity, succinctness, utility, and discrimination. This process was completed online and provided input to the Panel for continued work. The proposed final definitions were reviewed by a consensus conference and their comments were used to create the final definitions. "NPUAP is pleased to have completed this important task and look forward to the inclusion of these definitions into practice, education and research", said Joyce Black, NPUAP President and Chairperson of the Staging Task Force.
Pressure Ulcer Definition:
A pressure ulcer is localized injury to the skin and/or underlying tissue usually over a bony prominence, as a result of pressure, or pressure in combination with shear and/or friction. A number of contributing or confounding factors are also associated with pressure ulcers; the significance of these factors is yet to be elucidated.
For more information, contact npuap.org or 202-521-6789
Copyright: NPUAP 2007
Sunday, June 20, 2010
Types Of Research Report
Types Of Research Report
Types of research reports are these and dissertations, books, conference presentations, and journal articles.
A. Presentations at Professional Conferences:
1. Oral presentations follow a format similar to that used in journal articles. The presenter is typically allotted 10 to 20 minutes to describe key features of the study.
2. In poster sessions, many researchers simultaneously present visual displays summarizing their studies, and conference attendees circulate around the room perusing these display.
Conference presentations are important avenue for communicating research research information.
B. Research Journal Article
Research published by professional journals. Journal received a report of research on competitive terms. Research that meets the criteria according to the reviewer will be received and the research that does not comply with criteria of the reviewers will be rejected. Reviewers can provide recommendations to researchers, whether the research was accepted or rejected or revised by suggesting to the researchers. This is usually "blind" review, reviewers are not told the name of the researcher, and authors are not told the name of the reviews.
Types of research reports are these and dissertations, books, conference presentations, and journal articles.
A. Presentations at Professional Conferences:
1. Oral presentations follow a format similar to that used in journal articles. The presenter is typically allotted 10 to 20 minutes to describe key features of the study.
2. In poster sessions, many researchers simultaneously present visual displays summarizing their studies, and conference attendees circulate around the room perusing these display.
Conference presentations are important avenue for communicating research research information.
B. Research Journal Article
Research published by professional journals. Journal received a report of research on competitive terms. Research that meets the criteria according to the reviewer will be received and the research that does not comply with criteria of the reviewers will be rejected. Reviewers can provide recommendations to researchers, whether the research was accepted or rejected or revised by suggesting to the researchers. This is usually "blind" review, reviewers are not told the name of the researcher, and authors are not told the name of the reviews.
Factors Wound Healing
FACTORS AFFECTING WOUND HEALING
1. Tissue perfusion and oxygenation
2. Nutritional status
3. Infection
4. Systemic states affecting wound healing
5. Corticosteroid administration
6. Immunosuppression
7. Aging
8. Systemic factors
9. Topical Therapy
1. Tissue perfusion and oxygenation
Oxygen is essential for the repair process in damaged cells in the body.
Sufficient amount of oxygen in the body can accelerate the healing process.
If there Hypoxia can lead to healing the wounds become longer, because:
Impaired Collagen Synthesis,
Decreased epithelial proliferation and migration,
Reduced tissue resistance to infection.
2. Nutritional status
Nutritional status is very important for the body. Nutrient content is needed by
the body to repair damage to cells and infection prevention.
Nutritional status is very helpful, such as wound healing process:
Adequat Protein.
Calories.
Vitamin C.
Vitamin A.
B Complex vitamins
Iron.
Copper.
Zinc.
3. Infection
The process of infection can cause wound healing becomes long, as happened a long
period of inflammation and cell damage on the necessary treatment for the
infection.
To determine the existence of bacteria in the infection process of examination
and examination of the wound tissue culture or culture techniques.
Wound Culture and Sensitivity:
Sign of local infection.
Sign of systemic infection.
Bone involvement.
Non healing wound.
If Accurate culture;
obtain appropriate cultures.
Use correct technique to minimize risk of contamination.
4. Diabetes Mellitus
Reduced collagen synthesis.
Impaired wound contraction
Delayed epidermal migration.
5. Corticosteroid Administration
Inhibit Epithelial proliferation
Anti inflammatory effects.
6. Immunosuppression
Disease processes and treatments that suppress the immune system can cause delay
wound healing process.
7. Aging
Aging process changes on the skin and the skin layer. The skin can be damaged and
less ability the healing process.
8. Systemic factors
Renal and Hepatic disease.
Malignancy and Sepsis.
Hemapoetic abnormal.
9. Topical Therapy
Topical treatment is helpful in the process of wound healing.
1. Tissue perfusion and oxygenation
2. Nutritional status
3. Infection
4. Systemic states affecting wound healing
5. Corticosteroid administration
6. Immunosuppression
7. Aging
8. Systemic factors
9. Topical Therapy
1. Tissue perfusion and oxygenation
Oxygen is essential for the repair process in damaged cells in the body.
Sufficient amount of oxygen in the body can accelerate the healing process.
If there Hypoxia can lead to healing the wounds become longer, because:
Impaired Collagen Synthesis,
Decreased epithelial proliferation and migration,
Reduced tissue resistance to infection.
2. Nutritional status
Nutritional status is very important for the body. Nutrient content is needed by
the body to repair damage to cells and infection prevention.
Nutritional status is very helpful, such as wound healing process:
Adequat Protein.
Calories.
Vitamin C.
Vitamin A.
B Complex vitamins
Iron.
Copper.
Zinc.
3. Infection
The process of infection can cause wound healing becomes long, as happened a long
period of inflammation and cell damage on the necessary treatment for the
infection.
To determine the existence of bacteria in the infection process of examination
and examination of the wound tissue culture or culture techniques.
Wound Culture and Sensitivity:
Sign of local infection.
Sign of systemic infection.
Bone involvement.
Non healing wound.
If Accurate culture;
obtain appropriate cultures.
Use correct technique to minimize risk of contamination.
4. Diabetes Mellitus
Reduced collagen synthesis.
Impaired wound contraction
Delayed epidermal migration.
5. Corticosteroid Administration
Inhibit Epithelial proliferation
Anti inflammatory effects.
6. Immunosuppression
Disease processes and treatments that suppress the immune system can cause delay
wound healing process.
7. Aging
Aging process changes on the skin and the skin layer. The skin can be damaged and
less ability the healing process.
8. Systemic factors
Renal and Hepatic disease.
Malignancy and Sepsis.
Hemapoetic abnormal.
9. Topical Therapy
Topical treatment is helpful in the process of wound healing.
Table Concept Risk Pressure Ulcer Development
Braden and Bergstrom (2000), developed a conceptual scheme pressure ulcer development. The conceptualization suggests that there are two major factors associated with pressure ulcer risk; the amount and duration of exposure to pressure and the ability of the tissue tolerate the pressure. In the clinical situation, pressure ulcer influenced by mobility, activity and sensory perception. Tissue tolerance may be influenced by intrinsic and extrinsic factors.
Saturday, June 19, 2010
Nursing Research
The Building Blocks of Research:
1.The faces and places of Research: When researchers address a problem or answer a question throught disciplined research-regadless of the underlying paradigm-they are doing a study (or an investigastion or research project). Studies with humans involve two sets of people: 1) those who do the research, 2) those who provide the information.
2.The people who provide information to researchers (investigators) in a study are reffered to as subjects, study participants or respondents in quantitative research or study participants or informants in qualitative research; collectively they comprise the sample.
3.Research can be undertaken in a variety of Settings (the specific places where informations is gathered) and in one or more site. Some studies take places in Naturalistic Settings in the field; at the other extreme, some studies are done in highly controlled laboratory settings. The site is overall location for research; researchers sometimes engage and multisite studies. Setting are the more specific places where data collection will occur. Setting for nursing research can range from totally naturalistic environments to formal laboratories.
Phenomena, Concepts and Contructs:
4.Researchers investigate concepts and phenomena (or constructs), which are abstraction or mental representations inferred from behavior or characteristics. For example, the terms pain, spiritual, and resilience are all abstractions of particular aspects of human behavior and characteristic.
5.Research may also use the term contruct. As with a concept, a construct refers to an abstraction or mental representation inferred form situations or behaviors.
Theories and Conceptual Models:
6.Concepts are the building block of theories, which are systemic explenations of some aspect of the real world. In Quantitaive study, researchers often start with a theory or a conceptual model and using deductitive reasoning, make predictions about how phenomena behave in real world if theory were true.
Variables:
7.In Quantitatives studies, concepts are called variables. A variable is a characteristic or quality that takes on different values (i.e., varies from one person or object to another). The dependent (or outcome) variable is the behavior, characteristic, or outcome the researcher is interested in understanding, explaining, predicting, or affecting. The independent variable is the presumed cause of, antecedent to, or influence on the dependent variable. The dependent (or outcome) variable is the behavior, characteristic, or outcome the researcher is interested in understanding, explaining, predicting, or affecting. The independent variable is the presumed cause of, antecedent to, or influence on the dependent variable.
Conceptual and Operational Definitions:
8.Two Types of definition are relevantin a study conceptual and operational. A Conceptual definition describes the abstract or theoretical meaning of the concepts being studied. An Operational definition specifies the procedures required to measure a variable. A Conceptual definition describes the abstract or theoretical meaning of the concepts being studied. An Operational definition specifies the procedures required to measure a variable.
Data:
9.Data- the informant collected during the course of a study – may take the form of narrative information (qualitative data) or numeric value (quantitative data).
Relationships:
10.A Relationship is bond or connection (a pattern of association) between two variable. Quantitative researchers examine the relationships between the independent variables and dependent variables. When the independent variable causes or effects the dependent variable, the relationshios is a cause and effect (Causal) relationship. In a functional or associative relationship, variable are related in noncausal way.
Reference: Denise F. Polit., et.al. (2010). Essentials of Nursing Research, seventh edition, Wolters Kluwer, Lippincott Williams & Wilkins.
1.The faces and places of Research: When researchers address a problem or answer a question throught disciplined research-regadless of the underlying paradigm-they are doing a study (or an investigastion or research project). Studies with humans involve two sets of people: 1) those who do the research, 2) those who provide the information.
2.The people who provide information to researchers (investigators) in a study are reffered to as subjects, study participants or respondents in quantitative research or study participants or informants in qualitative research; collectively they comprise the sample.
3.Research can be undertaken in a variety of Settings (the specific places where informations is gathered) and in one or more site. Some studies take places in Naturalistic Settings in the field; at the other extreme, some studies are done in highly controlled laboratory settings. The site is overall location for research; researchers sometimes engage and multisite studies. Setting are the more specific places where data collection will occur. Setting for nursing research can range from totally naturalistic environments to formal laboratories.
Phenomena, Concepts and Contructs:
4.Researchers investigate concepts and phenomena (or constructs), which are abstraction or mental representations inferred from behavior or characteristics. For example, the terms pain, spiritual, and resilience are all abstractions of particular aspects of human behavior and characteristic.
5.Research may also use the term contruct. As with a concept, a construct refers to an abstraction or mental representation inferred form situations or behaviors.
Theories and Conceptual Models:
6.Concepts are the building block of theories, which are systemic explenations of some aspect of the real world. In Quantitaive study, researchers often start with a theory or a conceptual model and using deductitive reasoning, make predictions about how phenomena behave in real world if theory were true.
Variables:
7.In Quantitatives studies, concepts are called variables. A variable is a characteristic or quality that takes on different values (i.e., varies from one person or object to another). The dependent (or outcome) variable is the behavior, characteristic, or outcome the researcher is interested in understanding, explaining, predicting, or affecting. The independent variable is the presumed cause of, antecedent to, or influence on the dependent variable. The dependent (or outcome) variable is the behavior, characteristic, or outcome the researcher is interested in understanding, explaining, predicting, or affecting. The independent variable is the presumed cause of, antecedent to, or influence on the dependent variable.
Conceptual and Operational Definitions:
8.Two Types of definition are relevantin a study conceptual and operational. A Conceptual definition describes the abstract or theoretical meaning of the concepts being studied. An Operational definition specifies the procedures required to measure a variable. A Conceptual definition describes the abstract or theoretical meaning of the concepts being studied. An Operational definition specifies the procedures required to measure a variable.
Data:
9.Data- the informant collected during the course of a study – may take the form of narrative information (qualitative data) or numeric value (quantitative data).
Relationships:
10.A Relationship is bond or connection (a pattern of association) between two variable. Quantitative researchers examine the relationships between the independent variables and dependent variables. When the independent variable causes or effects the dependent variable, the relationshios is a cause and effect (Causal) relationship. In a functional or associative relationship, variable are related in noncausal way.
Reference: Denise F. Polit., et.al. (2010). Essentials of Nursing Research, seventh edition, Wolters Kluwer, Lippincott Williams & Wilkins.
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